The stem cells in the human body of Shanghai Jifei Industrial Co., Ltd. are the origin of all cells, and stem cells can divide countless times. When stem cells divide, one cell remains as a stem cell, and the other mature stem cells are transformed into cells that the body needs, such as blood cells.
"The human aging process is actually the result of over-time changes in stem cells," explains Martin Wahlestedt, a doctoral student and the main author of this article who is engaged in stem cell biology research at the Deron University Medical School in Sweden.
"Some of these changes are irreversible, such as damage to stem cell DNA. Some are gradual changes, such as epigenetic variation. Even if maintained by many cell divisions, they are not necessarily reversible. As we have studied Yes, when the stem cells are renewed, the epigenetic variation will be deleted. "This discovery became the basis of this research team's research, and the research also won the Nobel Prize in Medicine last year.
The composition of blood is an example of blood aging. The blood of young people is a mixture of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and bone marrow cells.
Martin Wahlestedt said: "The older people, although the number of bone marrow cells is increased, but B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are reduced."
When an elderly person has blood cancer, the cancer cell usually has its primitive cells, which are present in the bone marrow cells, and the elderly contain more. As Martin and his colleagues have done in mice, the ability to "restart" the blood makes future treatment possible, which is of concern.
Martin Wahlestedt said: "People continue to focus on how to use stem cells in different treatments, but until today, all clinical treatments are bone marrow transplants, and for newly transplanted bone marrow, they need to rebuild blood. System and immune system. "He continued:" A key factor in the effectiveness of this treatment is the age of the bone marrow donor. By completely changing the formation of stem cells in the bone marrow, it is possible to avoid age-related side effects. "
Although the blood composition in mice and old mice is very similar to the blood composition of young and old people, Martin Wahlestedt emphasized that this study is still only a basic level study, far from functional therapy. The research team is very happy with the results they obtained because they said that although it is impossible to change the DNA damage that causes blood aging from the beginning, it caused reversible genetic changes. The article was published on Blood on March 15.
About stem cells
There are many different types of stem cells, and embryonic stem cells extracted from early embryos can form different types of cells. Stem cells have also been found in adults, where the development potential of stem cells is more limited, but they can divide regularly and indefinitely. For example, hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow can form all types of blood cells, while brain stem cells can form some different types of brain cells.
About Epigenetics
Epigenetics is a term used to describe genetics, and these genetics cannot explain the composition of individual DNA alone. For the formation of tissues and organs, many types of cells must be grown, and this requires the activation and inactivation of different genes to complete. When cells are formed in this way and then divided, gene expression will appear in the progeny cells, and this is "epigenesis." Epigenetic mechanisms or which genes are activated or inactivated are affected by many factors, such as age, chemicals, and diet.
About the composition of blood
Both B and T lymphocytes are white blood cells. As the name implies, lymphocytes are usually present in the lymphatic system. T lymphocytes recognize specific bacteria or viruses by examining the human body. B lymphocytes can remember bacteria or viruses that were once infected, and they can be activated again quickly if needed. This ability to remember is an immune mechanism. Bone marrow cells belong to the "big stomach" in the blood system. They can neutralize damaged tissues, dead cells, and bacteria to some extent.
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