Shrubs with cream-colored flowers (Cinnamomum camphora) are the closest relatives of flowering plants that currently survive on Earth. Researchers have completed decoding the genome of the plant. The genetic sequence of Cinnamomum camphora implies that genetic adaptability helped this flower to appear about 160 million years ago and survived successfully on Earth-this evolutionary explosion was called an "abominable mystery" by Darwin .
Camphor tree only grows on 18 known sites in New Caledonia in the South Pacific. The reproductive structure of this plant is wrapped in perianth sheets—petals and leaf-like supporting structures are collectively called sepals.
The camphor tree has unique genera, families and orders among the species. Claude de Pamphilis, a plant evolutionary biologist at Penn State University in the United States and a co-lead collaborator of the Tianyou camphora genome project, said: "In the evolutionary history of animals and plants, Tianyou camphor is actually equivalent to platypuses and monopores." 3 papers have been published in the journal Science.
Just as the platypus genome provides a reference to the emergence of mammals, the camphor tree opens a window for humans to understand the evolution of flowering plants or angiosperms, and even gymnosperms.
A comparison of the genomes of Cinnamomum camphora and other plants shows that the early ancestors of flowering plants obtained a copy of the genome, a characteristic commonly referred to as polyploidy. It is known that many angiosperms are polyploid organisms. For example, potatoes have 2 to 6 copies of each chromosome. DePamphilis said: "However, a copy of Tianyou camphor appeared earlier than all other polyploid organisms." In 2011, he led the research team and concluded that this ancient copy came from very limited genetic data. According to dePamphilis, the copy may satisfy the new functions generated by evolution by providing additional copies of each gene, thereby promoting the diversification and expansion of flowering plants.
The analysis of the Genus camphora genome revealed that the origin of the flower may be a collection of genes when the angiosperms were separated from gymnosperms. In the genomes of gymnosperms, about 1/4 of the genes are involved in copies that are clearly lacking in flowering, while another 3/4 of the genes are common in ancestors common to both plant lineages. The analysis of the research team also provides a good reference for the study of the evolution of complex seeds, the smell of flowering plants and other characteristics.
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